soprando no vento

Quantas estradas precisará um homem andar
Antes que possam chamá-lo de um homem?
Sim e quantos mares precisará uma pomba branca sobrevoar
Antes que ela possa dormir na praia?
Sim e quantas vezes precisará balas de canhão voar
Até serem para sempre abandonadas?
A resposta meu amigo está soprando no vento
A resposta está

Image via Wikipedia

soprando no vento

Οι παίκτες συμμετέχουν σε έναν κόσμο οικονομικής δολοπλοκίας και απεμπόλησης με σκοπό να αποκτήσουν πλούτο μέσω οικονομικών δραστηριοτήτων.

Em Portugal, o jogo foi editado pela Majora/Parker Brothers Portugal na década de 1950, com o nome traduzido para Monopólio. Em 1961 a Majora fez uma nova edição que, por pressão da Parker Brothers, já usou a designação internacional Monopoly. Nas edições portuguesas são usados nomes de ruas importantes, principalmente da capital (Lisboa) e da segunda cidade do país (Porto), bem como de estações de caminho-de-ferro. Dependendo das versões, o nome das ruas vai variando, mas a propriedade mais valiosa é sempre o Rossio (Lisboa) e a propriedade menos valiosa o Campo Grande (Lisboa).

Tabuleiro padrão da antiga edição Portuguesa do Monopólio (ainda em Escudos)

Estacionamento Livre		Rua de Santa Catarina (Porto) (2200$00)	Sorte	Rua do Carmo (Lisboa) (2200$00)	Av. Marechal Gomes da Costa (2400$00)	Estação de São Bento (Porto) (2000$00)	Rua de Sto. António (Porto) (2600$00)	Rua Garrett (Lisboa) (2600$00)	Companhia das Águas (1500$00)	Avenida dos Aliados (Porto) (2800$00)	Vá para a cadeia
Rua de Sá da Bandeira (Porto) (2000$00)		M Image via Wikipedia onopólio										Avenida da Liberdade (Lisboa) (3000$00)
Avenida da República (Lisboa) (1800$00)												Praça da Liberdade (Porto) (3000$00)
Caixa da Comunidade											Caixa da Comunidade
Avenida da Boavista (Porto) (1800$00)												Rua do Ouro (Lisboa) (3200$00)
Estação de Campanhã (Porto) (2000$00)											Estação de Santa Apolónia (Lisboa) (2000$00)
Avenida de Roma (Lisboa) (1600$00)											Sorte
Rua Ferreira Borges (Coimbra) (1400$00)												Rua Augusta (Lisboa) (3500$00)
Companhia da Electricidade (1500$00)											Taxa de Luxo 1000$00
Avenida dos Combatentes (Braga) (1400$00)												Rossio (Lisboa) (4000$00)
Cadeia				Sorte		Estação do Rossio (2000$00)	Pague imposto sobre a renda 2000$00		Caixa da Comunidade		⇐ Partida Receba 2000$00
		Avenida 24 de Julho (Lisboa) (1200$00)	Avenida Luísa Todi (Setúbal) (1000$00)		Avenida Almirante Reis (Lisboa) (1000$00)			Avenida Fernão de Magalhães (Porto) (600$00)		Campo Grande (Lisboa) (600$00)

Tabuleiro actual (2006) da edição Portuguesa do Monopólio

Estacionamento Livre		Rua de Santa Catarina (Porto) (€ 220)	Sorte	Avenida Infante Santo (Lisboa) (€ 220)	Rua Júlio Diniz (Porto) (€ 240)	Estação de S. Bento (Porto) (€ 200)	Praça da República (Porto) (€ 260)	Avenida Fontes Pereira de Melo (Lisboa) (€ 260)	Companhia das Águas (€ 150)	Rotunda da Boavista (Porto) (€ 280)	Vá para a cadeia
Rua Mouzinho da Silveira (Porto) (€ 200)		Monopoly										Avenida da Liberdade (Lisboa) (€ 300)
Avenida da República (Lisboa) (€ 180)												Rua dos Clérigos (Porto) (€ 300)
Caixa da Comunidade											Caixa da Comunidade
Avenida da Boavista (Porto) (€ 180)												Avenida do Parque das Nações (Lisboa) (€ 320)
Gare do Oriente (Lisboa) (€ 200)											Estação de Sta Apolónia (Lisboa) (€ 200)
Avenida de Roma (Lisboa) (€ 160)											Sorte
Rua Ferreira Borges (Coimbra) (€ 140)												Rua das Amoreiras (Lisboa) (€ 350)
Companhia de Electricidade (€ 150)											Imposto de Luxo (€ 100)
Avenida Central (Braga) (€ 140)												Rossio (Lisboa) (€ 400)
Cadeia				Sorte		Estação do Rossio (Lisboa) (€ 200)	Pague Imposto sobre Capitais (€ 200)		Caixa da Comunidade		⇐ Partida Receba € 200
		Avenida 24 de Julho (Lisboa) (€ 120)	Avenida das Nações Unidas (Lisboa) (€ 100)		Alameda das Linhas de Torres (Lisboa) (€ 100)			Rua Faria Guimarães (Porto) (€ 60)		Campo Grande (Lisboa) (€ 60)

Dicas Para Monopólio/Banco Imobiliário

Jogue com 6 pessoas: Pode parecer estranho, mas quanto mais pessoas começam o jogo, menos ele demora. Como a quantidade de terrenos por pessoa diminui, os azarados vão falir rapidamente.

Byron

 
Sarah
Gridley reading an excerpt from George Gordon, Lord Byron's "Childe
Harold's Pilgrimage" [Canto Four, Stanzas 178-186]

Johanna
Drucker reading George Gordon, Lord Byron's "Stanzas" ["Could
Love for ever"]





Johanna
Drucker reading George Gordon, Lord Byron's "Stanzas to [Augusta]"

PL 2

	John Milton - Paradise Lost: 02 - Book One, Part 2
	Found at bee mp3 search engine

Jehu & the Black Obelisk

UNIT 4a

THE DIVIDED KINGDOM

After the reign of Solomon, the kingdom did not remain united. Jeroboam was one of Solomon's chief officials. One day the prophet Ahijah met Jeroboam on the road. He tore his cloak into twelve pieces and gave ten to Jeroboam, saying that God would take ten tribes away from Solomon's kingdom because of his idolatry, and give them to Jeroboam.

While Solomon was still alive, Jeroboam's life was in danger, so he fled to Egypt (1 Kings 11:26-40). When Solomon died, his son Rehoboam prepared to take the throne. Jeroboam returned and with representatives of the people he met with the new king, begging him to lighten the heavy burden of taxes and labor that Solomon had laid on them. Rehoboam rejected these pleas and raised the people's taxes. So the ten tribes of the north chose Jeroboam as their king; only the southern tribes of Judah and Benjamin remained loyal to Rehoboam. From this time (about 930 BC) the northern kingdom was known as Israel, and the southern kingdom as Judah (1 Kings 12).

Despite God's promise of support, Jeroboam did not remain faithful to the true worship of God. Fearing that the people would return to Rehoboam eventually since he controlled Jerusalem and the temple, Jeroboam set up two golden calves in Bethel and Dan (far north). He told the people, "It is too much for you to go up* to Jerusalem. Here are your gods, O Israel, who brought you up out of Egypt" (1 Kings 12:28). He established an independent line of priests who were not Levites. A prophet from Judah came before Jeroboam at Bethel and cursed the altar. When Jeroboam stretched out his arm toward the prophet, ordering his arrest, his hand shriveled up. The altar then split in two. Terrified by what he saw, the king begged the prophet to intercede with the Lord to forgive him and restore his arm, which He did. Nevertheless, Jeroboam continued to practice idolatry throughout his reign of 22 years. In southern Judah Rehoboam behaved no differently, leading the people in worship to the Canaanite gods.

*Note: the Bible always uses the phrase, "go up to Jerusalem," because it was high in the mountains. This seems confusing when we look at a map, because Jerusalem is south of northern Israel.

History of the kings of northern Israel

In our contemporary culture with its emphasis on "today," many people may wonder what is relevant in a study of the history of kings who lived over 2500 years ago. We should keep in mind that the historical books of the Bible were not written primarily as a record of human achievements but are considered by believers to be the self-revelation of God and how He has worked within history to bring about His purposes. He chose this method of revealing Himself to us. "Do you want to know God? Listen to His story. ... This is not the study of the past -- this is the study of a Person" (Walton, Old Testament Today, 2004, 213).

The books of 1 and 2 Kings were originally one scroll, compiled in final form during the Babylonian exile, told at the end of 2 Kings (mid 6th century BC). They record the list of kings in both north and south, alternating between one and the other. For our survey we will cover northern Israel first, then return to southern Judah. We will not cover every king but only the most important ones.

All of the kings of northern Israel were unfaithful to God, and led the people into idolatry and pagan living. "The book can seem a blur with king following king, but it could be argued that this is exactly the effect the author desired to create. One king blends into another as the pattern of [spiritual] failure falls into place. It is evident that the author was more interested in spiritual issues and the kings' relationship to God than in political events" (Walton, Old Testament Today, 2004, 194).

The first few kings after Jeroboam experienced instability. Dynasties changed rapidly. Three of the four kings after Jeroboam reigned less than two years, one only seven days. Each time the new king slaughtered the entire family of the previous ruler, so that no royal line remained.

The first dynasty to survive for any length of time in the north was the family of Omri, beginning around 880 BC. Omri moved the capital to the city of Samaria. Three of his descendants were kings until 840 BC, the most famous being his son Ahab (c. 874 - 853). This dynasty was so successful that Assyrian and Moabite texts (pictured here) refer to Israel as the "land of Omri." However, the Bible does not record many events of this politically successful dynasty, other than the numerous sins these kings committed. Neighboring countries considered Omri a powerful and influential ruler. From God's perspective, the Omri dynasty was a disaster.

& Read 1 Kings 16:21-34, 17-19, 21, 22:29-39 (Ahab and Elijah)

These chapters tell of the conflicts between king Ahab and his wife Jezebel with the prophet Elijah. Ahab married a foreign woman and accepted her worship of Baal. Elijah, whose name means "My God is Yahweh," brought the word of the Lord to Ahab that He would send a drought for three years to punish Israel. God provided a brook for Elijah from which to drink and miraculously, ravens brought him food. When the brook eventually dried up, God sent Elijah to a poor widow. At first she protested, saying that she had so little to eat that she could not even provide for herself and her son. But Elijah told her that God would provide. By a miracle, her meager supplies never ran out. Later her son became sick and died, but Elijah revived him. The Greek version of the text says that he "breathed into the child," perhaps describing what we call artificial respiration today.

After three years Elijah comes to Ahab to tell him that God will finally provide rain. When the king sees the prophet, he calls him "you troubler of Israel," but Elijah points out that Ahab is the one who brings trouble on Israel because of his idolatry. Elijah challenges the prophets of Baal to a contest to see who worships the one true God. They meet on Mount Carmel and build an altar. Despite their pleas and physical self-abuse, Baal does not send fire down for the sacrifice. Elijah mocks the prophets of Baal, suggesting that their god is asleep or "gone aside" (traveling), an expression literally meaning he's off relieving himself. Then Elijah calls on God who sends fire to burn up the sacrifice even though it is soaking in water. The people acknowledge Yahweh as God, and kill the prophets of Baal. Then God sends the much needed rain.

Despite these mighty proofs, Ahab and Jezebel continue to follow Baal. Jezebel orders that Elijah be found and killed. The prophet fears for his life, but God appears to him in a whispering voice to reassure him that there are many others who remain true to God, and that their faithfulness will not be in vain.

Ahab and Jezebel continue in their wicked ways. Despite his great wealth, Ahab desires a vineyard owned by Naboth and Jezebel arranges to have him killed. Elijah confronts him and prophesies that his dynasty will end. He tells Jezebel that she will be eaten by dogs. In ch. 22 Ahab meets his death on the battlefield, and just as Elijah foretold, the dogs lick the blood from his chariot.

Events in ch. 22 probably follow the historic battle of Qarqar (853 BC) in which Syria and Israel joined with ten other kings to fight off the major empire of Assyria. Ahab's contribution of 2000 chariots is mentioned on the Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III (left). The Bible does not mention this battle.

This royal seal (right) with the letters JZBL in ancient Hebrew may perhaps have belonged to queen Jezebel. Discovered in 1964 and dated to the 9th century BC, the seal bears symbols that designate a royal female owner.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071026210336.htm

& Read 2 Kings 2, 5 (Elisha)

In 1 Kings 19 Elijah chose Elisha to be his successor. At the end of Elijah's life, God chose to take him up in a fiery chariot rather than experience a natural death. Elisha witnesses this miracle. Then he begins his prophetic mission, picking up where Elijah left off, performing several miracles to prove that he is God's messenger. Read the story of Naaman and Elisha's faithless servant Gehazi.

& Read 2 Kings 9 (Jehu)

About 11 years after the death of king Ahab, Elisha anoints Jehu to be the next king of Israel. Jehu is the only northern king to receive at least a partial commendation from the author (10:30-31). His killing of the entire royal family (ch. 10) ends the four-king dynasty of Omri, as God had promised. Jehu throws Jehoram's body on the field that his father Ahab had stolen from Naboth. When Jezebel sees Jehu coming, she refers to him as Zimri, a previous usurper of the throne (1 Kings 16). Her death is particularly grisly, fulfilling the prophecy of Elijah.

Personal note: any time my sister is driving too fast (which is usually the case), we say she is driving like Jehu (9:20).

When he was king, Jehu became a vassal of Shalmaneser III, paying him tribute. On the Black Obelisk (British Museum) we see Jehu kneeling to kiss the Assyrian emperor's feet, the earliest portrait of any biblical character.

Jehu's dynasty extended for five generations, lasting nearly a century, the most stable period of Israel's history. Jehu's descendant, Jeroboam II, extended the territory of Israel to include all the land in the north as in the days of Solomon. During this time of political prosperity (c. 790-750 BC), a class structure developed within Israelite society, creating economic inequities and hardships for the poor who were increasingly victimized. The prophet Amos condemned the lavish lifestyles of the rich, who exploited the poor.

& Read Amos 2:6-8, 3:11-15, 4:1, 5:11-27, 8:4-6

Amos prophesied to Israel during a time of great prosperity and great injustice. The wealthy thought these were good times, blessed by God, but Amos tells them God is not pleased with their lives. Material success is not a sign of God's approval. His book begins with prophecies of doom against Israel's enemies, but then his message of judgement turns ominously toward Israel. God saw the rich “trample the heads of the poor into the dust” (2:7). He saw that the affluent lifestyle of the rich was built on oppression of the poor (8:4-6). He denounced the rich women, calling them “cows … who oppress the poor, who crush the needy, who say to their husbands, ‘Bring that we may drink’” (4:1). They enjoyed luxury while others starved. In the courts the poor had no justice, as the rich bribed the judges (5:11-12). For their selfishness, greed, and unconcern for those in need, God rejected their empty forms of worship and sent Israel into exile (5:21-24, 27). God does not accept our worship if our lives are not holy. Other passages in the prophets echo these condemnations of the rich who neglect the needy, see Micah 6:6-8, Isa 1:10-17, 10:1-4.

Fall of northern Israel

The kings of Israel continued to lead the people in idolatry until 722 BC when God allowed the Assyrians to conquer the land and take the people into exile. Prior to that time, in 734 BC Isaiah prophesied to the king of Judah that this destruction was coming.

& Read Isaiah 7:1-17, 2 Kings 16:1-9, 17:1-24

Some of you probably recognized one verse in Isaiah 7: "The virgin [young woman] shall conceive and bear a son and will call him Immanuel." In the NT Matthew applies this verse to Jesus. However, in its original context it means something entirely different and was not a prophecy about Jesus. We must pay attention to the historical circumstances in Isaiah's time in order to interpret this passage correctly.

The giant empire of Assyria was again threatening to invade Israel and its northern neighbor Aram (modern-day Syria). Together with a coalition of other states, these countries had fought off the empire a century before at Qarqar, and hoped they could repeat their previous victory. The kings of Syria and Israel wanted to form an alliance with Judah in order to fight back. When king Ahaz of Judah did not agree, Aram and Israel declared war on Judah (Isaiah 7:1-2; 2 Kings 16:5).

Ahaz was no better a king than his northern counterparts; he even sacrificed one of his sons to an idol. Nevertheless, God sent the prophet Isaiah to Ahaz to assure him that events would work out in his favor. Ahaz wanted to make an alliance with Assyria to protect Judah (2 Kings 16:7), but Isaiah told him to wait on the Lord: "Do not lose heart. ... It will not happen. ... If you do not stand firm in your faith, you will not stand at all" (Isa. 7:4, 7, 9).

God offered to give Ahaz a sign, but he didn't want to see one (probably because he lacked faith in God in the first place). Isaiah gave him a sign anyway, something that would happen in Ahaz's own time that he could observe (not hundreds of years in the future). Isaiah speaks of a sign that is not miraculous but one obvious to the king. Isaiah refers to a woman whom the king apparently knew (some think this was Isaiah’s own wife). Isaiah says that in the time it would take for this young woman to conceive, give birth to a child, and that child to become old enough to choose what he wants to eat -- in other words, about 2 years -- God would defeat the enemies of Ahaz (7:16-17).

Sure enough, within two years (732 BC) Damascus, the capital of Syria (Aram) had fallen and the threat to the southern kingdom was avoided. Unfortunately, the king did not heed this warning and made an alliance with Tiglath-pileser, ruler of the wicked Assyrians (pictured here), instead of trusting God (2 Kings 16:7-8).

In its historical context, we see that Isaiah was not making a prophecy about the virgin birth of Jesus but addressing a contemporary problem with a sign that the king could see in his own time, an event which occurred within 2 years. Isaiah does not describe the mother as a virgin but as a young woman; in the original Hebrew, the word is not restricted to the meaning "virgin" (unfortunately, most translations have changed it to "virgin," confusing the meaning for modern readers). The prophet referred to an ordinary conception between a man and woman, not a miraculous one. This understanding of Isaiah's prophecy does not contradict the New Testament's teaching that Mary was a virgin and conceived by the Holy Spirit (see further discussion below).

Ten years after the fall of Damascus (722 BC), Sargon II of Assyria completed the conquest of Samaria begun by his father Shalmaneser, and took Israel into captivity (2 Kings 17). The text makes clear that this was not merely a change in power in the middle east, but that Israel fell because they had forsaken God and the covenant. God was patient with Israel for centuries before He brought about this deserved punishment. The ten tribes would never return to the land as a nation. Assyria populated the territory with foreigners who worshipped their own gods. (As these people intermarried with the few remaining Jews, they produced the race of Samaritans who were so hated by Jews in the NT.)

This bull statue decorated the palace of Sargon II, and is now in the Louvre in Paris.

Matthew's use of Isaiah 7:14

When we read Isaiah 7 in its historical context, we see how the prophet was not foretelling the virgin conception of Mary 700 years in the future. So what does it mean when Matthew 1: 22-23 refers to Jesus' birth as a fulfillment of scripture?

Matthew uses a common technique in the New Testament for interpreting OT scripture called typology, based on the Greek word tupos, translated as type or example. Paul uses the term in 1 Cor 10:6: "For I do not want you to be unaware, brethren, that our fathers were all under the cloud and all passed through the sea ... Nevertheless, with most of them God was not well-pleased; for they were laid low in the wilderness. Now these things happened as examples {types} for us, so that we would not crave evil things as they also craved" (see also Rom 5:14). The NT writers often recognize historical correspondence, or parallel situations in history of God's activity with mankind. Typology compares events in the Old Testament with similar New Testament occurrences, while not claiming that these events were thus predictions of the future.

Jesus called attention to such parallels: the sign of Jonah (Matt 12:40) which was similar to the three days he would lie in the tomb, and the bronze serpent which Moses lifted up (John 3:14) is compared to Jesus on the cross. These OT events were not prophecies about Jesus, but parallel situations to events in the life of Christ.

With this background in mind, we see that Matthew refers to Isaiah 7:14 as a typological fulfillment, based on wordplay with the Isaiah text. In Isaiah the original Hebrew describes the mother of the child as a "young woman." However, in the Greek translation of Isaiah (called the Septuagint), the word is translated parthenos which does mean virgin. (The Parthenon was named for Athena Parthenos, the virgin goddess.) Matthew's text affirms the literal virgin conception of Christ, using the Greek word parthenos.

Also Matthew makes a comparison to Jesus with the name "Immanuel." If Isaiah were predicting the birth of Christ, then he would have gotten his name wrong. But that's not the point Matthew is trying to make. Jesus' name was not actually Immanuel, but its meaning, "God with us," suits him perfectly.

Similar uses of typological parallels can be found in Matt 2:14 = Hosea 11:1 and Matt 2:18 = Jer 31:15. Both these Old Testament passages do not refer to Jesus in their original contexts, but Matthew sees parallels in the ways God has worked within history to accomplish his purposes.

Thus, we see that, contrary to popular opinion, the Old Testament does not predict the virgin birth of Christ. However, it does predict his birthplace in Bethlehem (Micah 5:2-7, cf. Matt 2:5, John 7:40-2).

History of the kings of southern Judah

Unlike in the north, the throne of Judah remained under the rule of David's descendants. Most of the kings were wicked, but a few were faithful. Several years after Rehoboam, in the 9th century BC, a father and son, Asa and Jehoshaphat, were two kings who receive commendation from the author, saying "Asa did what was right in the eyes of the Lord ... Asa's heart was fully committed to the Lord all his life" (1 Kings 15:11, 14). "In everything [Jehoshaphat] walked in the ways of his father Asa and did not stray from them" (1 Kings 22:43). All together Asa and his son reigned 66 years in faithful service to God.

& Read 2 Kings 11-12 (Athaliah and Joash)

About a decade after Jehoshaphat (c. 840 BC), when Jehu assassinated Ahab's son Jehoram in the northern kingdom, he also killed Judah's king Ahaziah, who was a grandson of Ahab. His mother Athaliah, Ahab's daughter, had married into Judah's royal house for a political alliance. Seeing that her son was dead, Athaliah decided to take the throne herself. To eliminate any future rivals, she tried to murder all her grandchildren.

Ahaziah's sister hides her young nephew Joash in the temple. After six years the priest Jehoiada reveals Joash's existence to the temple guards and they crown him the rightful king. They kill Athaliah and vow to put an end to Baal worship. Joash orders that the temple be repaired which takes many years. Unfortunately, we read in 2 Chronicles 24 that Joash later returned to the worship of idols. When Jehoiada's son rebukes him for doing so, the king has him killed. For his evil ways, Joash was assassinated.

& Read 2 Kings 18-20 (Hezekiah)

Hezekiah was the son of Ahaz (whom Isaiah spoke to, discussed above). Unlike his father, Hezekiah was one of Judah's most faithful kings: "There was no one like him among all the kings of Judah, either before or after him" (18:5). He reigned 29 years from about 716-687 BC.

The text mentions that Hezekiah destroyed the bronze serpent which Moses had raised in the wilderness to cure snake bites (Numbers 21:9). Unfortunately, the Jews had begun worshipping the object as an idol.

2 Chronicles 29-30 tells how Hezekiah repaired and purified the temple. He then set messengers to Israel to invite people from the northern tribes to come celebrate Passover. Many ridiculed them, but some came to Jerusalem to take part in the feast for the first time in centuries.

Hezekiah was king of Judah in 722 when the Assyrians conquered Israel (18:9-10).

To the right you can see the royal seal of Hezekiah, stamped on clay (an impression called a bulla).

As the author continues to discuss Assyria, he skips several years, recording the next events out of order. The events of ch. 20, where Hezekiah almost dies from an illness, should follow 18:13. The prophet Isaiah tells Hezekiah that God will extend his life by 15 years, and shows him a miraculous sign as the sun seems to move in reverse. (Whether or not the earth actually reversed its revolution, or whether God produced an illusion for the sign, we cannot say.)

Back to 18:14 -- the author records the events of 701 BC, when Assyria invaded Judah. They successfully captured and destroyed several nearby cities, such as Lachish. Archeologists in the 19th century found relief carvings of the siege of Lachish in the Assyrian capital of Nineveh, now in the British Museum (see below). "The reliefs are remarkably detailed and realistic. They show a developed war-machinery. Upon a ramp that they built, the Assyrian soldiers approach the city walls in orders of archers, flanked by infantry, who in their turn defend carts which were used to pound the walls. Supplies were carried by camels. The Assyrians set the city on fire (in some place the archaeologists found 50 centimeters of ashes). Many inhabitants were exiled to Assyria to become slaves and servants. In the Nineveh relief, whole families are carried off, their goods looted; men are tortured and the Judean governor is seen kneeling before Sennacherib. Many people also died in the battle, as is witnessed by a mass grave which was later found by archaeologists, with 1500 human skeletons, mainly of women and children." http://www.jewishmag.com/56mag/lachish/lachish.htm

Next the Assyrians laid siege around Jerusalem. Hezekiah refused to surrender and trusted in the Lord. Isaiah prophesied the eventual downfall of the Assyrian empire: "Against whom have you raised your voice and lifted your eyes in pride? Against the Holy One of Israel!" (19:22, also recorded in Isaiah 37)

Several archeological finds shed light on this period. Hezekiah had a tunnel carved through solid rock from inside the city wall to a spring outside the wall, so that during the siege the people would have water (2 Chronicles 32:30). This remains an amazing feat of engineering, as the two teams dug from different directions in a weaving path and met in the middle. Tourists in Jerusalem not afraid of getting wet can crawl through the tunnel today.

At the center point of the tunnel, archeologists found an inscription, telling of the meeting of the two digging teams:

"... and this is the story of the tunnel while ... the axes were against each other and while three cubits were left to cut ...the voice of a man ...called to his fellow, for there was a through-passage in the rock, from the right ... and on the day of the tunnel [being finished] the tone hewers struck each man towards his fellow, ax on ax, and the water went from the source to the pool for two hundred and a thousand cubits. And one hundred cubits was the height over the head of the stone hewers."

The Assyrians wrote their version of this siege on the prism of Sennacherib (now in the British Museum):

"As for Hezekiah the Judahite, who did not submit to my yoke: forty-six of his strong, walled cities, as well as the small towns in their area, which were without number, by leveling with battering-rams and by bringing up siege-engines, and by attacking and storming on foot, by mines, tunnels, and breeches, I besieged and took them. 200,150 people, great and small, male and female, horses, mules, asses, camels, cattle and sheep without number, I brought away from them and counted as spoil. (Hezekiah) himself, like a caged bird I shut up in Jerusalem, his royal city."

Sennacherib boasts that he "shut Hezekiah up" in Jerusalem, but of course, does not mention that the Assyrians failed to take the city. 2 Kings 19:35-37 says that God sent an angel to destroy many in the Assyrian army. In describing this event, the Greek historian Herodotus wrote that there was an infestation of mice in the camp, leading some to think that they might have carried a plague. In any case, God delivered Hezekiah and Jerusalem as He promised.

Verse 37 records Sennacherib's death, which happened 20 years later.

Unfortunately, Hezekiah's son Manasseh was one of the worst kings of Judah. When the country fell to the Babylonians in 587, God declared that this was punishment for the sins of Manasseh and the people of his time (2 Kings 23:26, 24:3-4).

& Read 2 Kings 22-23

The final good king of Judah was Josiah (641-609). Josiah became king at age 8 when his father died. In 622 BC Josiah set about to restore the temple, which had again fallen into disrepair. There they found the "Book of the Law" which was probably a lost copy of Deuteronomy. After reading the law, Josiah established many reforms to bring the people of Judah back into obedience to the covenant.

Notice (23:10) the reference to the Valley of Ben Hinnom, where child sacrifices had been offered to the Ammonite god Molech. In the NT this place became a garbage dump to the south of the city, which burned constantly. Hinnom or "Gehenna" is the term translated as Hell in the NT, a place of weeping and gnashing of teeth.

Josiah destroyed the high places, altars atop hills dedicated to pagan gods, that had stood since the time of Solomon.

In 23:15, Josiah fulfills the prophecy made 300 years earlier, in 1 Kings 13:1-3, by destroying the idolatrous places at Bethel.

In Jeremiah 22:13-19 the prophet condemns Josiah's son Jehoiakim for oppressing the poor, but praises Josiah because "he defended the cause of the poor and needy ... Is that not what it means to know Me? declares the Lord." Those that know God show concern for the less fortunate in society.

Unfortunately, Josiah became involved in a battle between Egypt and Assyria on one side and the rising power of Babylon on the other. In 609, hoping to contribute to the downfall of Assyria, Josiah led his army to intercept Egyptian armies rushing to the aid of Assyria. He was killed in the battle near Megiddo.

The fall of Assyria, the rise of Babylon, and the exile of Judah will be discussed in the next section.

Beginnings 1a 1b 1c

To the Promised Land 2a 2b

Monarchy 3a 3b 3c

Divided Kingdom 4a 4b

quidam

Qadim by Tim Rayborn

Web Gallery of Art, image collection, virtual museum, searchable database of European fine arts (1100-1850)

Windows Shortcuts (little mouse, don't you have a frig at home?)

Mais atalhos de teclado - Windows Logo chave atalhos

Posted on October 15, 2007 at 2:52 pm Postado em 15 de outubro de 2007, 2:52 hs

Last week I wrote a post on Na semana passada escrevi um post sobre Microsoft Word shortcuts Microsoft Word atalhos and thought I would throw in another post on more shortcuts, this time Windows Logo key shortcuts. E pensei que eu jogue em outro lugar, em mais atalhos, desta vez Windows Logo chave atalhos. These can be very handy for quickly accessing system control panels or to search for files. Estes pode ser muito útil para o sistema de controlo mais rápido acessar painéis ou a busca de arquivos. The Windows logo key is usually on the left side of the keyboard on the bottom row. O logotipo Windows chave normalmente é no lado esquerdo do teclado na linha inferior.

Windows : Display the Start menu Windows: Mostra o menu Iniciar

Windows Logo + D : Minimize windows or restore all windows Windows Logo + D: Minimizar janelas ou restaurar todas as janelas

Windows Logo + E : Brings up My Computer (Windows Explorer) Windows Logo + E: Leva até Meu Computador (Windows Explorer)

Windows Logo + F : Displays the in-built Search dialog Windows Logo + F: Mostra - nos o diálogo construído Search

Windows Logo + Ctrl + F : Displays the Search for computer Logo Windows + Ctrl + F: Mostra o Pesquisar para computador

Windows Logo + F1 : Brings up the Help and Support Center Logo Windows + F1: Leva até o Centro de ajuda e suporte

Windows Logo + R : Opens the Run dialog box Windows Logo + R: Abre a caixa de diálogo Run

Windows Logo + break : Brings up the System Properties dialog box Windows Logo + quebrar: Leva até a caixa de diálogo System Properties

Windows Logo + shift + M : Undo minimize all windows Logo Windows + Shift + M: Anular minimizar todas as janelas

Windows Logo + L : Locks the workstation Logo Windows + L: Locks o trabalho

Windows Logo + U : Open Utility Manager (Accessibility options) Logo Windows + U: Open Utility Manager (Acessibilidade opções)

Windows Logo + Q : Quick switching of users (Powertoys only) Windows Logo + Q: Quick comutação de usuários (Powertoys apenas)

Windows Logo + Q : Hold Windows Key, then tap Q to scroll thru the different users on your PC Windows Logo + Q: Hold Windows Key, em seguida bata Q para percorrer os diferentes utilizadores no seu PC

These keyboard shortcuts will work on any computer running Windows. Estes atalhos de teclado funcionará em qualquer computador com o Windows. However, other than the defaults, you can get an additional 9 shortcuts for the Windows logo key by installing the No entanto, diferente do padrão, você pode ir e outros 9 atalhos para a tecla Windows logotipo instalando a IntelliType software. Softwares. With the IntelliType software, you can customize the keyboard to perform different actions such as open a program, open a web page, etc. Com o IntelliType software, você pode personalizar o teclado para executar ações diferentes, tais como abrir um programa, abrir uma página da web, etc

Windows Logo+L : Logs off of Windows (with IntelliType software installed) Logo Windows + L: Logs fora do Windows (com IntelliType software instalado)

Windows Logo+P : Starts the Print Manager dialog Windows Logo + P: Inicia o diálogo Print Manager

Windows Logo+C : Opens the Control Panel Windows Logo + C: Abre o Painel de Controle

Windows Logo+V : Starts the Clipboard Windows Logo + V: Inicia o Clipboard

Windows Logo+K : Opens Keyboard Properties dialog box Windows Logo + K: Abre a caixa de diálogo Properties Keyboard

Windows Logo+I : Opens Mouse Properties dialog box Windows Logo + I: Abre a caixa de diálogo Properties Mouse

Windows Logo+A : Starts Accessibility Options (if installed) Windows Logo + R: Inicia Acessibilidade Opções (se instalados)

Windows Logo+SPACEBAR : Displays the list of Microsoft IntelliType shortcut keys Windows Logo + SPACEBAR: Apresenta a lista de teclas de atalho Microsoft IntelliType

Windows Logo+S : Toggles CAPS LOCK on and off Windows Logo + S: Alterna CAPS LOCK e fora de



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General keyboard shortcuts

* CTRL+C (Copy)
* CTRL+X (Cut)
* CTRL+V (Paste)
* CTRL+Z (Undo)
* DELETE (Delete)
* SHIFT+DELETE (Delete the selected item permanently without placing the item in the Recycle Bin)
* CTRL while dragging an item (Copy the selected item)
* CTRL+SHIFT while dragging an item (Create a shortcut to the selected item)
* F2 key (Rename the selected item)
* CTRL+RIGHT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next word)
* CTRL+LEFT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word)
* CTRL+DOWN ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraph)
* CTRL+UP ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraph)
* CTRL+SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Highlight a block of text)
* SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select text in a document)
* CTRL+A (Select all)
* F3 key (Search for a file or a folder)
* ALT+ENTER (View the properties for the selected item)
* ALT+F4 (Close the active item, or quit the active program)
* ALT+ENTER (Display the properties of the selected object)
* ALT+SPACEBAR (Open the shortcut menu for the active window)
* CTRL+F4 (Close the active document in programs that enable you to have multiple documents open simultaneously)
* ALT+TAB (Switch between the open items)
* ALT+ESC (Cycle through items in the order that they had been opened)
* F6 key (Cycle through the screen elements in a window or on the desktop)
* F4 key (Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows Explorer)
* SHIFT+F10 (Display the shortcut menu for the selected item)
* ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the System menu for the active window)
* CTRL+ESC (Display the Start menu)
* ALT+Underlined letter in a menu name (Display the corresponding menu)
* Underlined letter in a command name on an open menu (Perform the corresponding command)
* F10 key (Activate the menu bar in the active program)
* RIGHT ARROW (Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu)
* LEFT ARROW (Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu)
* F5 key (Update the active window)
* BACKSPACE (View the folder one level up in My Computer or Windows Explorer)
* ESC (Cancel the current task)
* SHIFT when you insert a CD-ROM into the CD-ROM drive (Prevent the CD-ROM from automatically playing)
* CTRL+SHIFT+ESC (Open Task Manager)

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Dialog box keyboard shortcuts
If you press SHIFT+F8 in extended selection list boxes, you enable extended selection mode. In this mode, you can use an arrow key to move a cursor without changing the selection. You can press CTRL+SPACEBAR or SHIFT+SPACEBAR to adjust the selection. To cancel extended selection mode, press SHIFT+F8 again. Extended selection mode cancels itself when you move the focus to another control.

* CTRL+TAB (Move forward through the tabs)
* CTRL+SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the tabs)
* TAB (Move forward through the options)
* SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the options)
* ALT+Underlined letter (Perform the corresponding command or select the corresponding option)
* ENTER (Perform the command for the active option or button)
* SPACEBAR (Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box)
* Arrow keys (Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons)
* F1 key (Display Help)
* F4 key (Display the items in the active list)
* BACKSPACE (Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box)

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Microsoft natural keyboard shortcuts

* Windows Logo (Display or hide the Start menu)
* Windows Logo+BREAK (Display the System Properties dialog box)
* Windows Logo+D (Display the desktop)
* Windows Logo+M (Minimize all of the windows)
* Windows Logo+SHIFT+M (Restore the minimized windows)
* Windows Logo+E (Open My Computer)
* Windows Logo+F (Search for a file or a folder)
* CTRL+Windows Logo+F (Search for computers)
* Windows Logo+F1 (Display Windows Help)
* Windows Logo+ L (Lock the keyboard)
* Windows Logo+R (Open the Run dialog box)
* Windows Logo+U (Open Utility Manager)

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Accessibility keyboard shortcuts

* Right SHIFT for eight seconds (Switch FilterKeys either on or off)
* Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN (Switch High Contrast either on or off)
* Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK (Switch the MouseKeys either on or off)
* SHIFT five times (Switch the StickyKeys either on or off)
* NUM LOCK for five seconds (Switch the ToggleKeys either on or off)
* Windows Logo +U (Open Utility Manager)

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Windows Explorer keyboard shortcuts

* END (Display the bottom of the active window)
* HOME (Display the top of the active window)
* NUM LOCK+Asterisk sign (*) (Display all of the subfolders that are under the selected folder)
* NUM LOCK+Plus sign (+) (Display the contents of the selected folder)
* NUM LOCK+Minus sign (-) (Collapse the selected folder)
* LEFT ARROW (Collapse the current selection if it is expanded, or select the parent folder)
* RIGHT ARROW (Display the current selection if it is collapsed, or select the first subfolder)

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Shortcut keys for Character Map
After you double-click a character on the grid of characters, you can move through the grid by using the keyboard shortcuts:

* RIGHT ARROW (Move to the right or to the beginning of the next line)
* LEFT ARROW (Move to the left or to the end of the previous line)
* UP ARROW (Move up one row)
* DOWN ARROW (Move down one row)
* PAGE UP (Move up one screen at a time)
* PAGE DOWN (Move down one screen at a time)
* HOME (Move to the beginning of the line)
* END (Move to the end of the line)
* CTRL+HOME (Move to the first character)
* CTRL+END (Move to the last character)
* SPACEBAR (Switch between Enlarged and Normal mode when a character is selected)

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Microsoft Management Console (MMC) main window keyboard shortcuts

* CTRL+O (Open a saved console)
* CTRL+N (Open a new console)
* CTRL+S (Save the open console)
* CTRL+M (Add or remove a console item)
* CTRL+W (Open a new window)
* F5 key (Update the content of all console windows)
* ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the MMC window menu)
* ALT+F4 (Close the console)
* ALT+A (Display the Action menu)
* ALT+V (Display the View menu)
* ALT+F (Display the File menu)
* ALT+O (Display the Favorites menu)

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MMC console window keyboard shortcuts

* CTRL+P (Print the current page or active pane)
* ALT+Minus sign (-) (Display the window menu for the active console window)
* SHIFT+F10 (Display the Action shortcut menu for the selected item)
* F1 key (Open the Help topic, if any, for the selected item)
* F5 key (Update the content of all console windows)
* CTRL+F10 (Maximize the active console window)
* CTRL+F5 (Restore the active console window)
* ALT+ENTER (Display the Properties dialog box, if any, for the selected item)
* F2 key (Rename the selected item)
* CTRL+F4 (Close the active console window. When a console has only one console window, this shortcut closes the console)

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Remote desktop connection navigation

* CTRL+ALT+END (Open the Microsoft Windows NT Security dialog box)
* ALT+PAGE UP (Switch between programs from left to right)
* ALT+PAGE DOWN (Switch between programs from right to left)
* ALT+INSERT (Cycle through the programs in most recently used order)
* ALT+HOME (Display the Start menu)
* CTRL+ALT+BREAK (Switch the client computer between a window and a full screen)
* ALT+DELETE (Display the Windows menu)
* CTRL+ALT+Minus sign (-) (Place a snapshot of the entire client window area on the Terminal server clipboard and provide the same functionality as pressing ALT+PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.)
* CTRL+ALT+Plus sign (+) (Place a snapshot of the active window in the client on the Terminal server clipboard and provide the same functionality as pressing PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.)

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Microsoft Internet Explorer navigation

* CTRL+B (Open the Organize Favorites dialog box)
* CTRL+E (Open the Search bar)
* CTRL+F (Start the Find utility)
* CTRL+H (Open the History bar)
* CTRL+I (Open the Favorites bar)
* CTRL+L (Open the Open dialog box)
* CTRL+N (Start another instance of the browser with the same Web address)
* CTRL+O (Open the Open dialog box, the same as CTRL+L)
* CTRL+P (Open the Print dialog box)
* CTRL+R (Update the current Web page)
* CTRL+W (Close the current window)

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Windows system key combinations

* F1: Help
* CTRL+ESC: Open Start menu
* ALT+TAB: Switch between open programs
* ALT+F4: Quit program
* SHIFT+DELETE: Delete item permanently

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Windows program key combinations

* CTRL+C: Copy
* CTRL+X: Cut
* CTRL+V: Paste
* CTRL+Z: Undo
* CTRL+B: Bold
* CTRL+U: Underline
* CTRL+I: Italic

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Mouse click/keyboard modifier combinations for shell objects

* SHIFT+right click: Displays a shortcut menu containing alternative commands
* SHIFT+double click: Runs the alternate default command (the second item on the menu)
* ALT+double click: Displays properties
* SHIFT+DELETE: Deletes an item immediately without placing it in the Recycle Bin

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General keyboard-only commands

* F1: Starts Windows Help
* F10: Activates menu bar options
* SHIFT+F10 Opens a shortcut menu for the selected item (this is the same as right-clicking an object
* CTRL+ESC: Opens the Start menu (use the ARROW keys to select an item)
* CTRL+ESC or ESC: Selects the Start button (press TAB to select the taskbar, or press SHIFT+F10 for a context menu)
* ALT+DOWN ARROW: Opens a drop-down list box
* ALT+TAB: Switch to another running program (hold down the ALT key and then press the TAB key to view the task-switching window)
* SHIFT: Press and hold down the SHIFT key while you insert a CD-ROM to bypass the automatic-run feature
* ALT+SPACE: Displays the main window's System menu (from the System menu, you can restore, move, resize, minimize, maximize, or close the window)
* ALT+- (ALT+hyphen): Displays the Multiple Document Interface (MDI) child window's System menu (from the MDI child window's System menu, you can restore, move, resize, minimize, maximize, or close the child window)
* CTRL+TAB: Switch to the next child window of a Multiple Document Interface (MDI) program
* ALT+underlined letter in menu: Opens the menu
* ALT+F4: Closes the current window
* CTRL+F4: Closes the current Multiple Document Interface (MDI) window
* ALT+F6: Switch between multiple windows in the same program (for example, when the Notepad Find dialog box is displayed, ALT+F6 switches between the Find dialog box and the main Notepad window)

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Shell objects and general folder/Windows Explorer shortcuts
For a selected object:

* F2: Rename object
* F3: Find all files
* CTRL+X: Cut
* CTRL+C: Copy
* CTRL+V: Paste
* SHIFT+DELETE: Delete selection immediately, without moving the item to the Recycle Bin
* ALT+ENTER: Open the properties for the selected object

To copy a file
Press and hold down the CTRL key while you drag the file to another folder.
To create a shortcut
Press and hold down CTRL+SHIFT while you drag a file to the desktop or a folder.
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General folder/shortcut control

* F4: Selects the Go To A Different Folder box and moves down the entries in the box (if the toolbar is active in Windows Explorer)
* F5: Refreshes the current window.
* F6: Moves among panes in Windows Explorer
* CTRL+G: Opens the Go To Folder tool (in Windows 95 Windows Explorer only)
* CTRL+Z: Undo the last command
* CTRL+A: Select all the items in the current window
* BACKSPACE: Switch to the parent folder
* SHIFT+click+Close button: For folders, close the current folder plus all parent folders

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Windows Explorer tree control

* Numeric Keypad *: Expands everything under the current selection
* Numeric Keypad +: Expands the current selection
* Numeric Keypad -: Collapses the current selection.
* RIGHT ARROW: Expands the current selection if it is not expanded, otherwise goes to the first child
* LEFT ARROW: Collapses the current selection if it is expanded, otherwise goes to the parent

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Properties control

* CTRL+TAB/CTRL+SHIFT+TAB: Move through the property tabs

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Accessibility shortcuts

* Press SHIFT five times: Toggles StickyKeys on and off
* Press down and hold the right SHIFT key for eight seconds: Toggles FilterKeys on and off
* Press down and hold the NUM LOCK key for five seconds: Toggles ToggleKeys on and off
* Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK: Toggles MouseKeys on and off
* Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN: Toggles high contrast on and off

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Microsoft Natural Keyboard keys

* Windows Logo: Start menu
* Windows Logo+R: Run dialog box
* Windows Logo+M: Minimize all
* SHIFT+Windows Logo+M: Undo minimize all
* Windows Logo+F1: Help
* Windows Logo+E: Windows Explorer
* Windows Logo+F: Find files or folders
* Windows Logo+D: Minimizes all open windows and displays the desktop
* CTRL+Windows Logo+F: Find computer
* CTRL+Windows Logo+TAB: Moves focus from Start, to the Quick Launch toolbar, to the system tray (use RIGHT ARROW or LEFT ARROW to move focus to items on the Quick Launch toolbar and the system tray)
* Windows Logo+TAB: Cycle through taskbar buttons
* Windows Logo+Break: System Properties dialog box
* Application key: Displays a shortcut menu for the selected item

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Microsoft Natural Keyboard with IntelliType software installed

* Windows Logo+L: Log off Windows
* Windows Logo+P: Starts Print Manager
* Windows Logo+C: Opens Control Panel
* Windows Logo+V: Starts Clipboard
* Windows Logo+K: Opens Keyboard Properties dialog box
* Windows Logo+I: Opens Mouse Properties dialog box
* Windows Logo+A: Starts Accessibility Options (if installed)
* Windows Logo+SPACEBAR: Displays the list of Microsoft IntelliType shortcut keys
* Windows Logo+S: Toggles CAPS LOCK on and off

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Dialog box keyboard commands

* TAB: Move to the next control in the dialog box
* SHIFT+TAB: Move to the previous control in the dialog box
* SPACEBAR: If the current control is a button, this clicks the button. If the current control is a check box, this toggles the check box. If the current control is an option, this selects the option.
* ENTER: Equivalent to clicking the selected button (the button with the outline)
* ESC: Equivalent to clicking the Cancel button
* ALT+underlined letter in dialog box item: Move to the corresponding item
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The General Shortcuts

We’ll kickoff the list with some really general shortcuts that you often used.

* CTRL+C (Copy)
* CTRL+X (Cut)
* CTRL+V (Paste)
* CTRL+Z (Undo)
* DELETE (Delete)
* SHIFT+DELETE (Delete the selected item permanently without placing the item in the Recycle Bin)
* CTRL while dragging an item (Copy the selected item)
* CTRL+SHIFT while dragging an item (Create a shortcut to the selected item)
* F2 key (Rename the selected item)
* CTRL+RIGHT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next word)
* CTRL+LEFT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word)
* CTRL+DOWN ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraph)
* CTRL+UP ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraph)
* CTRL+SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Highlight a block of text)
* SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select text in a document)
* CTRL+A (Select all)
* F3 key (Search for a file or a folder)
* ALT+ENTER (View the properties for the selected item)
* ALT+F4 (Close the active item, or quit the active program)
* ALT+ENTER (Display the properties of the selected object)
* ALT+SPACEBAR (Open the shortcut menu for the active window)
* CTRL+F4 (Close the active document in programs that enable you to have multiple documents open simultaneously)
* ALT+TAB (Switch between the open items)
* ALT+ESC (Cycle through items in the order that they had been opened)
* F6 key (Cycle through the screen elements in a window or on the desktop)
* F4 key (Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows Explorer)
* SHIFT+F10 (Display the shortcut menu for the selected item)
* ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the System menu for the active window)
* CTRL+ESC (Display the Start menu)
* ALT+Underlined letter in a menu name (Display the corresponding menu)
* Underlined letter in a command name on an open menu (Perform the corresponding command)
* F10 key (Activate the menu bar in the active program)
* RIGHT ARROW (Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu)
* LEFT ARROW (Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu)
* F5 key (Update the active window)
* BACKSPACE (View the folder one level up in My Computer or Windows Explorer)
* ESC (Cancel the current task)
* SHIFT when you insert a CD-ROM into the CD-ROM drive (Prevent the CD-ROM from automatically playing)

Dialog Box Keyboard Shortcuts

* CTRL+TAB (Move forward through the tabs)
* CTRL+SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the tabs)
* TAB (Move forward through the options)
* SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the options)
* ALT+Underlined letter (Perform the corresponding command or select the corresponding option)
* ENTER (Perform the command for the active option or button)
* SPACEBAR (Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box)
* Arrow keys (Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons)
* F1 key (Display Help)
* F4 key (Display the items in the active list)
* BACKSPACE (Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box)

Microsoft Natural Keyboard Shortcuts

* Windows Logo (Display or hide the Start menu)
* Windows Logo+BREAK (Display the System Properties dialog box)
* Windows Logo+D (Display the desktop)
* Windows Logo+M (Minimize all of the windows)
* Windows Logo+SHIFT+M (Restore the minimized windows)
* Windows Logo+E (Open My Computer)
* Windows Logo+F (Search for a file or a folder)
* CTRL+Windows Logo+F (Search for computers)
* Windows Logo+F1 (Display Windows Help)
* Windows Logo+ L (Lock the keyboard)
* Windows Logo+R (Open the Run dialog box)
* Windows Logo+U (Open Utility Manager)

Accessibility Keyboard Shortcuts

* Right SHIFT for eight seconds (Switch FilterKeys either on or off)
* Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN (Switch High Contrast either on or off)
* Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK (Switch the MouseKeys either on or off)
* SHIFT five times (Switch the StickyKeys either on or off)
* NUM LOCK for five seconds (Switch the ToggleKeys either on or off)
* Windows Logo +U (Open Utility Manager)

Windows Explorer Keyboard Shortcuts

* END (Display the bottom of the active window)
* HOME (Display the top of the active window)
* NUM LOCK+Asterisk sign (*) (Display all of the subfolders that are under the selected folder)
* NUM LOCK+Plus sign (+) (Display the contents of the selected folder)
* NUM LOCK+Minus sign (-) (Collapse the selected folder)
* LEFT ARROW (Collapse the current selection if it is expanded, or select the parent folder)
* RIGHT ARROW (Display the current selection if it is collapsed, or select the first subfolder)

Shortcut Keys for Character Map

* After you double-click a character on the grid of characters, you can move through the grid by using the keyboard shortcuts:
* RIGHT ARROW (Move to the right or to the beginning of the next line)
* LEFT ARROW (Move to the left or to the end of the previous line)
* UP ARROW (Move up one row)
* DOWN ARROW (Move down one row)
* PAGE UP (Move up one screen at a time)
* PAGE DOWN (Move down one screen at a time)
* HOME (Move to the beginning of the line)
* END (Move to the end of the line)
* CTRL+HOME (Move to the first character)
* CTRL+END (Move to the last character)
* SPACEBAR (Switch between Enlarged and Nor mal mode when a character is selected)

Microsoft Management Console (MMC) Main Window Keyboard Shortcuts

* CTRL+O (Open a saved console)
* CTRL+N (Open a new console)
* CTRL+S (Save the open console)
* CTRL+M (Add or remove a console item)
* CTRL+W (Open a new window)
* F5 key (Update the content of all console windows)
* ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the MMC window menu)
* ALT+F4 (Close the console)
* ALT+A (Display the Action menu)
* ALT+V (Display the View menu)
* ALT+F (Display the File menu)
* ALT+O (Display the Favorites menu)

MMC Console Window Keyboard Shortcuts

* CTRL+P (Print the current page or active pane)
* ALT+Minus sign (-) (Display the window menu for the active console window)
* SHIFT+F10 (Display the Action shortcut menu for the selected item)
* F1 key (Open the Help topic, if any, for the selected item)
* F5 key (Update the content of all console windows)
* CTRL+F10 (Maximize the active console window)
* CTRL+F5 (Restore the active console window)
* ALT+ENTER (Display the Properties dialog box, if any, for the selected item)
* F2 key (Rename the selected item)
* CTRL+F4 (Close the active console window. When a console has only one console window, this shortcut closes the console)

Remote Desktop Connection Navigation

* CTRL+ALT+END (Open the m*cro$oft Windows NT Security dialog box)
* ALT+PAGE UP (Switch between programs from left to right)
* ALT+PAGE DOWN (Switch between programs from right to left)
* ALT+INSERT (Cycle through the programs in most recently used order)
* ALT+HOME (Display the Start menu)
* CTRL+ALT+BREAK (Switch the client computer between a window and a full screen)
* ALT+DELETE (Display the Windows menu)
* CTRL+ALT+Minus sign (-) (Place a snapshot of the active window in the client on the Terminal server clipboard and provide the same functionality as pressing PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.)
* CTRL+ALT+Plus sign (+) (Place a snapshot of the entire client window area on the Terminal server clipboard and provide the same functionality as pressing ALT+PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.)

Internet Explorer navigation

* CTRL+B (Open the Organize Favorites dialog box)
* CTRL+E (Open the Search bar)
* CTRL+F (Start the Find utility)
* CTRL+H (Open the History bar)
* CTRL+I (Open the Favorites bar)
* CTRL+L (Open the Open dialog box)
* CTRL+N (Start another instance of the browser with the same Web address)
* CTRL+O (Open the Open dialog box, the same as CTRL+L)
* CTRL+P (Open the Print dialog box)
* CTRL+R (Update the current Web page)
* CTRL+W (Close the current window)

*
*
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TRL and A Selects all the items in the active window.
CTRL and C Copies the item or items to the Clipboard and can be pasted using CTRL and V.
CTRL and F Displays the Find all files dialog box.
CTRL and G Displays the Go to folder dialog box.
CTRL and N Displays the New dialog box.
CTRL and O Displays the Open dialog box.
CTRL and P Displays the Print dialog box.
CTRL and S Displays the Save dialog box.
CTRL and V Pastes the copied item or items from the Clipboard.
CTRL and X Cuts the item or items selected to the Clipboard.
CTRL and Z Undoes the last action.
CTRL and F4 Closes the active document window.
CTRL while dragging an item Copy the selected item
CTRL+SHIFT with arrow keys Highlight a block of text
CTRL+F4 Close the active document
CTRL+ESC Display the Start menu
CTRL and F6 Opens the next document window in the active application.
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Keyboard Shortcut

Result in Windows ® XP - General
ALT+ENTER View the properties for the selected item
ALT+F4 Close the active item, or quit the active program
ALT+SPACEBAR Open the shortcut menu for the active window
ALT+TAB Switch between the open items
ALT+ESC Cycle through items in the order that they had been opened
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Keyboard Shortcut

Result in Windows ® XP - General
F1 key Gives help on the active window or selected item.
F2 key Rename the selected item
F3 key Search for a file or a folder
F4 key Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows Explorer
F5 key Update the active window
F6 key Cycle through the screen elements in a window or on the desktop
F10 key Activate the menu bar in the active program
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Keyboard Shortcut

Result in Windows ® XP - General
Windows Logo Display or hide the Start menu
Windows Logo+BREAK Display the System Properties dialog box
Windows Logo+D Display the desktop
Windows Logo+M Minimize all of the windows
Windows Logo+SHIFT+M Restore the minimized windows
Windows Logo+E Open My Computer
Windows Logo+F Search for a file or a folder
CTRL+Windows Logo+F Search for computers
Windows Logo+F1 Display Windows Help
Windows Logo+ L Lock the keyboard
Windows Logo+R Open the Run dialog box
Windows Logo+U Open Utility Manager
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Keyboard Shortcut

Result in Windows ® XP - Dialogue Box
TAB Move forward through the options
SHIFT+TAB Move backward through the options
CTRL+TAB Move forward through the tabs
CTRL+SHIFT+TAB Move backward through the tabs
ALT+Underlined letter Perform the corresponding command or select the corresponding option
ENTER Perform the command for the active option or button
SPACEBAR Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box
F1 key Display Help
F4 key Display the items in the active list
Arrow keys Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons
BACKSPACE Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box
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Keyboard Shortcut

Result in Windows ® XP - Windows Explorer
END Display the bottom of the active window
HOME Display the top of the active window
NUM LOCK+Asterisk sign (*) Display all of the subfolders that are under the selected folder
NUM LOCK+Plus sign (+) Display the contents of the selected folder
NUM LOCK+Minus sign (-) Collapse the selected folder
LEFT ARROW Collapse the current selection if it is expanded, or select the parent folder
RIGHT ARROW Display the current selection if it is collapsed, or select the first subfolder
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Keyboard Artwork for Sale

Admin Note: This keyboard artwork is available in Adobe Illustrator .eps (vector) art for $25.00 USD. Customization of the keyboard artwork is also available at an upcharge. Please contact us if you require a quote for customizing the keyboard to your specifications. Examples of keyboard customization would include; arrangement of keys, labeling of keys, colorization of keyboard for easier key identification, adding a company logo (branding) etc.

Sizing of keyboard artwork for poster size prints is at no additional charge. Let us know your width and height requirements when ordering and we will size to fit.
Explanation of the Keys on a Windows QWERTY Keyboard

Q W E R T Y
"The name "QWERTY" for our computer keyboard comes from the first six letters in the top alphabet row (the one just below the numbers). It is also referred to as the "Universal" keyboard. It was the work of inventor C. L. Sholes, who put together the prototypes of the first commercial typewriter in a Milwaukee machine shop back in the 1860's."

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Esc
Equivalent to clicking the Cancel button. In PowerPoint the Esc key will stop a running slide show. On a web page with animations, the Esc key will stop the animations. On a web page that is loading, the Esc key will stop the page from loading. The keyboard combination Ctrl + Esc will open the Start Menu.

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F1
While working in an application, depressing this key will bring up the applications help menu. If there is no open application F1 will open Windows Help.

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F2
Choose this key to rename a selected item or object.

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F3
Depressing this key will display the Find: All Files dialog box.

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F4
Selects the Go To A Different Folder box and moves down the entries in the box (if the toolbar is active in Windows Explorer)

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F5
Refreshes the current window. In Internet Explorer, F5 will Refresh the web page.

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F6
Moves among panes in Windows Explorer.

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F7

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F8

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F9

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F10
Activates menu bar options. Use right and left arrows to select menus and down arrows to display pull down menus.

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F11
In Internet Explorer this key will allow you to toggle between full screen viewing mode and normal viewing mode.

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F12

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Print Screen/SysRq
Usually located at the upper right hand corner of your keyboard next to the Scroll Lock and Pause/Break keys. Often abbreviated PrtScr, the Print Screen key is a useful key supported on most PCs. In DOS, pressing the Print Screen key causes the computer to send whatever images and text are currently on the display screen to the printer. Some graphics programs and Windows, use the Print Screen key to obtain Screen Captures.

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Tab
This key can be used to move forward through options in a dialog box.
Ctrl + Shift + Tab can be used to move backward through the options.
Ctrl + Tab allows movement from one open window to the next in an application with more than one open window.
Alt + Tab displays a list of open application windows. Keeping Alt depressed and selecting Tab cycles through the list. Releasing selects the highlighted application window.

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Caps Lock
Locks the keyboard in "Capitals" mode (only applies to Alpha keys). The Caps Lock key should be used with caution. Using ALL CAPS is a usability no-no as many have difficulty scanning text that is ALL CAPS. Also, when sending email in all caps, this could be misconstrued as shouting at someone.

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Shift
The obvious use of this key is to allow selection of capital letters when depressing the alphabet characters, or selecting the characters above other non-alpha keys.
Depressing the Shift key while inserting a CD-ROM will bypass auto play.
Shift + Delete to permanently delete a selected item, bypasses the Recycle Bin.

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Control Key

Ctrl
Depressing the Ctrl key while clicking allows multiple selections. Holding the Ctrl key down and pressing other key combinations will initiate quite a few actions. Some of the more common ones are listed below.

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Ctrl + A
Select All items

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Ctrl + B
Add or remove Bold formatting

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Ctrl + C
Copy, places the selected/highlighted copy on the clipboard.

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Ctrl + C + C
Opens the clipboard.

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Ctrl + F
Opens the Find what: dialog box. Great for finding references on a web page while using your favorite web browser.

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Ctrl + H
Replace, brings up the Find and Replace dialog box. Great for global find and replace routines while working in normal and html views in your favorite WYSIWYG editors like FrontPage. You can also use this to find and replace content within your Word Documents, Excel Spreadsheets, etc...

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Ctrl + I
Add or remove Italic formatting.

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Ctrl + N
Window, In Internet Explorer, opens a New Window. In Outlook, opens a New Mail Message. In most publishing programs like Word, opens a New Document.

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Ctrl + O
Open, brings up a browse dialog and allows you to select a file to open.

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Ctrl + P
Print

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Ctrl + S
Save

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Ctrl + U
Add or remove Underline formatting.

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Ctrl + V
Paste, inserts the copy on the clipboard into the area where your flashing cursorFlashing Cursoris positioned or the area you have selected/highlighted.

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Ctrl + W
Close, will close the document currently open.

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Ctrl + X
Cut, removes the selected/highlighted copy and places it on the clipboard.

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Ctrl + Y
Redo last command. Many software programs offer multiple Redo's by pressing Ctrl + Y + Y + Y...

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Ctrl + Z
Undo last command. Many software programs offer multiple Undo's by pressing Ctrl + Z + Z + Z...

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Ctrl + Esc
Open the Start menu (or use the Windows Key if you have one).

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Ctrl + =
Spell checker (pre WinXP).

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Ctrl
While dragging a file to copy the file.

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Ctrl + Shift
While dragging a file to create a shortcut.

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Ctrl + Tab
Allows movement (toggle) from one open window to the next in an application with more than one open window.

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Ctrl + F4
Close a window in an application without closing the application.

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Ctrl + F5
In Internet Explorer, Ctrl + F5 will Refresh the web page bypassing cache (all images and external file references will be reloaded).

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Windows Key

Windows Key Windows Key
On either side of the spacebar, outside the Alt key, is a key with the Windows logo. Holding the Windows key down and pressing another key will initiate quite a few actions. Some of the more common are listed in the table below:

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Windows Key
Displays the Start Menu.

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Windows Key + D + D
Minimizes all windows and shows the Desktop.

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Windows Key + D + D
Opens all windows and takes you right back to where you were.

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Windows Key + E + E
Opens a new Explorer Window. Probably one of the hottest Windows keyboard shortcuts. This one gets a lot of hoorahs!

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Windows Key + F + F
Displays the Find all files dialog box.

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Windows Key + L + L
Lock your Windows XP computer. Logoff in Windows Pre-XP.

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Windows Key + M + M
Minimizes all open windows.

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Windows Key + Shift + M + Shift + M
Restores all previously open windows to how they were before you Minimized them.

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Windows Key + R + R
Displays the Run command.

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Windows Key + F1 + F1
Displays the Windows Help menu.

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Windows Key + Pause/Break + Pause/Break
Displays the Systems Properties dialog box.

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Windows Key + Tab + Tab
Cycle through the buttons on the Task Bar.

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Alt

Alt
Located on either side of the space bar. Holding the Alt key down and pressing another key will initiate various actions. Some of the more common ones are listed below:

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Alt + F4
Closes the current active window. If there is no active window this opens the Shut Down dialog box.

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Alt + underlined letter in menu
To carry out the corresponding command on the menu.

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Alt + left/right arrows
In a browser moves forward or back through the pages visited in a window.

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Alt + Space Bar
Displays the current window's system menu. This is the same as left clicking on the application icon at the top left of the window.

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Alt + Enter
Displays a selected items properties. This can also be done with Alt + double-click.

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Alt + PrtScn
Captures the top window of the active application.

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Alt + Space Bar
Displays the main window's system menu. This is the same as clicking on the application icon at the left end of the title bar.

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Alt + Space Bar + C
After the system menu is displayed (see above), this combination will close a window. This works the same way as Alt + F4 but requires less stretch.

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Alt + - (hyphen)
Displays the current window's system menu. This is the same as left clicking on the application icon at the top left of the window.

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Alt + Tab
Displays a list of open application windows. Keeping Alt depressed and selecting Tab cycles through the list. Releasing selects the highlighted application window.

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Alt Windows Application Key Ctrl
The Application key has an image of a mouse pointer on a menu (between the Alt and Ctrl keys (Windows Application Key) to the right of your Space Bar). Depressing this key will display the selected item's shortcut window. This is the menu that is displayed by right-clicking.

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Space Bar
Insert a space between words. It is suggested that you utilize Tabs (or other formatting commands) to put distance between elements. Using the space bar to insert visual space works but would not be considered a best practice in page design. Double spaces between sentences are no longer required. This is a carryover from the days of fixed width fonts on a typewriter such as Courier, Orator, Prestige Elite, etc.
Pressing the Space Bar while viewing a web page in Internet Explorer will scroll the page downwards. Shift + Space Bar will scroll the page upwards.

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Enter
Creates a new Paragraph

(Hard Return) or what is referred to as a Hard Return. In any dialog box a selected button or command can be selected by depressing this key. Selected buttons can be recognized by their darker (dotted) borders, or what is referred to as Focus.

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Shift + Enter
Creates a new Line Break
(Soft Return) or what is referred to as a Soft Return.

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Shift + Arrow
Shift + Arrow Up, Down, Left or Right. Position your cursorFlashing Cursorat the beginning of the area you wish to highlight for copying. Now use the up, down, left or right arrow keys to select areas of content to be highlighted, copied, pasted, etc.

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Backspace
While working with text, use this key to delete characters to the left of the insertion point.

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Insert

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Home
Depress and hold the Ctrl key as you select Home to go to the first line of a document.

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Page Up
In a browser window use the Page Up key to move up one full screen on a web page.

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Delete
While working with text, use this key to delete characters to the right of the insertion point. This key can also be used to delete selected files. If you use the keyboard combination Shift + Delete the item is permanently deleted, bypassing the Recycle Bin.

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End
Depress and hold the Ctrl key as you select End to go to the last line of a document.

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Page Down
In a browser window use the Page Down key to move down one full screen on a web page.

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Up Arrow
Navigate in a document to the line above. Hold the Ctrl key down as you press this key to move to the beginning of the second line above.

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Right Arrow
Navigate in a document one character to the right. Hold the Ctrl key down as you press this key to move one word to the right.

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Down Arrow
Navigate in a document to the line below. Hold the Ctrl key down as you press this key to move to the beginning of the second line below.

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Left Arrow
Navigate in a document one character to the left. Hold the Ctrl key down as you press this key to move one word to the left.

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Keypad Keys

Num Lock
If you want to use the numeric keypad on the right end of the keyboard to display numbers, the Num Lock key must be selected (usually a light above the Num Lock will indicate that it is on). If you want to use the keypad to navigate within a document, turn off Num Lock by pressing the key (the light will go off).

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* (Asterisk)
In Windows Explorer this expands everything under the current selection. Caution: do not try this with the C Drive icon selected.

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- (Minus Sign)
In Windows Explorer this collapses the current selection.

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+ (Plus Sign)
In Windows Explorer this expands the current selection.

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